What is vitamin E?

Vitamin E is an antioxidant that occurs naturally in foods such as nuts, seeds, and leafy green vegetables. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin important for many processes in the body.

Vitamin E is used to treat or prevent vitamin E deficiency. People with certain diseases may need extra vitamin E.

Important information

Follow all directions on your medicine label and package. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use.

Warfarin: 12 Things You Didn't Know About This Blood Thinner

Before taking this medicine

Ask a doctor or pharmacist if it is safe for you to use vitamin E if you have other medical conditions, especially:

anemia (low red blood cells);

a bleeding or blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia;

liver disease;

kidney disease;

any allergies;

an eye disorder called retinitis pigmentosa;

a vitamin K deficiency;

high cholesterol or triglycerides (a type of fat in the blood);

a history of cancer;

a history of stroke or blood clot; or

if you need surgery, or have recently had surgery.

FDA pregnancy category C. It is not known whether vitamin E will harm an unborn baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor's advice if you are pregnant.

See also: Pregnancy and breastfeeding warnings (in more detail)

It is not known whether vitamin E passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medicine without a doctor's advice if you are breast-feeding a baby.

Your dose needs may be different during pregnancy or while you are nursing.

How should I take vitamin E?

Use vitamin E products exactly as directed on the label, or as prescribed by your doctor. Do not use in larger or smaller amounts or for longer than recommended.

Vitamin E works best if you take it with food.

Measure liquid medicine with the dosing syringe provided, or with a special dose-measuring spoon or medicine cup. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one.

Artificially sweetened liquid medicine may contain phenylalanine. Check the medication label if you have phenylketonuria (PKU).

The recommended dietary allowance of vitamin E increases with age. Follow your healthcare provider's instructions. You may also consult the Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health, or the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Nutrient Database (formerly "Recommended Daily Allowances") listings for more information.

If you need surgery or a medical procedure, tell the surgeon ahead of time that you are using vitamin E. You may need to stop using the medicine for a short time.

Store at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take the missed dose as soon as you remember. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Do not take extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention or call the Poison Help line at 1-800-222-1222.

Overdose symptoms may include stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, headache, tiredness, blurred vision, or tiredness.

What should I avoid while taking vitamin E?

Avoid taking other vitamins, mineral supplements, or nutritional products without your doctor's advice.

If you also take orlistat (alli, Xenical), do not take it within 2 hours before or 2 hours after you take vitamin E.

گروه شرکتهای بین المللی یاقوت رویان، به منظور توسعه و تکمیل کادر تخصصی در شرکتهای تابعه و پروژه های در دست اقدام خود از بین داوطلبین متعهد، مستعد و متخصص در تهران دعوت به همکاری می نماید:

 به منظور بزرگنمایی بر روی تصویر کلیک نمایید:

Turmeric is a perennial plant of the ginger family, native to southwest India. Turmeric is commonly consumed in powder form and used as a spice.

To make turmeric powder, the leaves of the plant are boiled for 30-45 minutes, dried in ovens and then ground into a deep orange-yellow powder. Turmeric powder is a common spice used in Indian and Pakistani cuisine. It is a major component of curry and can also be used for dyeing cloth.

There are three naturally occurring phytochemicals in turmeric: curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemothoxycurcumin, together referred to as curcuminoids.

This MNT Knowledge Center feature is part of a collection of articles on the health benefits of popular foods. It provides a nutritional breakdown of turmeric and an in-depth look at its possible health benefits, how to incorporate more turmeric into your diet and any potential health risks of consuming turmeric.

Contents of this article:

Nutritional breakdown of turmeric, possible health benefits
Further health benefits, how to incorporate more turmeric into your diet, possible risks
Nutritional breakdown of turmericTurmeric root and powder.

According to the USDA National Nutrient Database, one tablespoon of turmeric powder contains 29 calories, 0.9 grams of protein, 0.3 grams of fat and 6.3 grams of carbohydrates (including 2 grams of fiber and 0.3 grams of sugar).1

That same 1 tablespoon serving provides 26% of your daily manganese needs, 16% of iron, 5% of potassium and 3% of vitamin C.

Turmeric has traditionally been used in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory conditions, skin diseases, wounds, digestive ailments and liver conditions.

Possible benefits of consuming turmeric
Curcumin is the active substance in turmeric believed to be the source of its many health benefits. Curcumin is also responsible for turmeric's distinctly earthy, slightly bitter and peppery flavor.

Digestion
Curcumin may help improve digestion by stimulating the gallbladder to produce bile. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study showed that turmeric reduced bloating and gas in people suffering from indigestion. The German Commission E, a group that determines which herbs can safely be prescribed in Germany, has approved the use of turmeric for digestive problems.2

Study coauthor Dr. Nancy Turner, of the Department of Nutrition and Food Science at Texas A&M University, and colleagues say their findings may have important implications for individuals heavily exposed to ionizing radiation.

These include cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy, astronauts, radiation workers and victims of nuclear accidents.

"Bone loss caused by ionizing radiation is a potential health concern for those in occupations or in situations that expose them to radiation," Dr. Turner explains.

"The changes in remodeling activity caused by exposure to radiation can lead to impaired skeletal integrity and fragility both in animals and human radiotherapy patients."

In humans, bone loss can lead to osteoporosis - a disease in which the bones become more brittle, fragile and more vulnerable to breakage. It is estimated that osteoporosis is responsible for more than 8.9 million fractures worldwide each year.

For the study, the researchers set out to investigate a number of strategies that they believed could tackle the underlying mechanisms that contribute to ionizing radiation-related bone damage, such as radiation-induced oxidative stress.

Dried plums reduced gene expression linked to bone breakdown
The team tested a number of different antioxidant and anti-inflammatory interventions on mice that were exposed to ionizing radiation, assessing the effects the interventions had on the expression of genes linked to the breakdown of bone, as well as their effects on bone loss.

The interventions included a cocktail consisting of five different antioxidants (ascorbic acid, N-acetyl cysteine, L-selenomethionine, dihydrolipoic acid and vitamin E), dihydrolipoic acid, ibuprofen and dried plum.

The team found that dried plum was most effective for reducing expression of the genes Nfe2l2, Rankl, Mcp1, Opg and TNF-α, which are related to the breakdown of bone. Dried plum was also most effective for preventing later bone loss induced by ionizing radiation.

While the researchers are unable to explain the exact reasons why dried plums appear to protect bones from damage caused by ionizing radiation, they note that the fruit contains a number of polyphenols - including gallic acid, caffeoyl-quinic acids, coumaric acid and rutin - that have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

"Dried plums contain biologically active components that may provide effective interventions for loss of structural integrity caused by radiotherapy or unavoidable exposure to space radiation incurred over long-duration spaceflight," says Dr. Turner, adding:

Herbal medicine, also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine, refers to using a plant's seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of use outside conventional medicine. It is becoming more mainstream as improvements in analysis and quality control, along with advances in clinical research, show the value of herbal medicine in treating and preventing disease.

What is the history of herbal medicine?

Plants have been used for medicinal purposes long before recorded history. Ancient Chinese and Egyptian papyrus writings describe medicinal uses for plants as early as 3,000 BC. Indigenous cultures (such as African and Native American) used herbs in their healing rituals, while others developed traditional medical systems (such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine) in which herbal therapies were used. Researchers found that people in different parts of the world tended to use the same or similar plants for the same purposes.

In the early 19th century, when chemical analysis first became available, scientists began to extract and modify the active ingredients from plants. Later, chemists began making their own version of plant compounds and, over time, the use of herbal medicines declined in favor of drugs. Almost one fourth of pharmaceutical drugs are derived from botanicals.

Recently, the World Health Organization estimated that 80% of people worldwide rely on herbal medicines for some part of their primary health care. In Germany, about 600 to 700 plant based medicines are available and are prescribed by some 70% of German physicians. In the past 20 years in the United States, public dissatisfaction with the cost of prescription medications, combined with an interest in returning to natural or organic remedies, has led to an increase in herbal medicine use.

How do herbs work?

In many cases, scientists are not sure what specific ingredient in a particular herb works to treat a condition or illness. Whole herbs contain many ingredients, and they may work together to produce a beneficial effect. Many factors determine how effective an herb will be. For example, the type of environment (climate, bugs, and soil quality) in which a plant grew will affect it, as will how and when it was harvested and processed.

How are herbs used?

The use of herbal supplements has increased dramatically over the past 30 years. Herbal supplements are classified as dietary supplements by the U.S. Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of 1994. That means herbal supplements, unlike prescription drugs, can be sold without being tested to prove they are safe and effective. However, herbal supplements must be made according to good manufacturing practices.

The most commonly used herbal supplements in the U.S. include:

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea and related species)

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)

Garlic (Allium sativum)

Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens)

Ginseng (Panax ginseng or Asian ginseng) and Panax quinquefolius or American ginseng)

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis)

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis)

Chamomile (Matricaria recutita)

Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale)

Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)

Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)

Practitioners often use herbs together because the combination is more effective. Health care providers must take many factors into account when recommending herbs, including the species and variety of the plant, the plant's habitat, how it was stored and processed, and whether or not there are contaminants (including heavy metals and pesticides).

What is herbal medicine good for?

Herbal medicine is used to treat many conditions, such as allergies, asthma, eczema, premenstrual syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, migraine, menopausal symptoms, chronic fatigue, irritable bowel syndrome, and cancer, among others. It is best to take herbal supplements under the guidance of a trained provider. For example, one study found that 90% of people with arthritic use alternative therapies, such as herbal medicine. Since herbal medicines can potentially interact with prescription medications, and may worsen certain medical conditions, be sure to consult with your doctor or pharmacist before taking any herbs. Some common herbs and their uses are discussed below.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) has been used in traditional medicine to treat circulatory disorders and enhance memory. Although not all studies agree, ginkgo may be especially effective in treating dementia (including Alzheimer disease) and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs). It also shows promise for enhancing memory in older adults. Laboratory studies have shown that ginkgo improves blood circulation by dilating blood vessels and reducing the stickiness of blood platelets. By the same token, this means ginkgo may also increase the effect of some blood-thinning medications, including aspirin. People taking blood-thinning medications should ask their doctor before using ginkgo. People with a history of seizures and people with fertility issues should also use concern; Speak with your physician.

Kava kava (Piper methysticum) is said to elevate mood, enhance wellbeing and contentment, and produce a feeling of relaxation. Several studies show that kava may help treat anxiety, insomnia, and related nervous disorders. However, there is serious concern that kava may cause liver damage. It is not clear whether the kava itself caused liver damage in a few people, or whether it was taking kava in combination with other drugs or herbs. It is also not clear whether kava is dangerous at previously recommended doses, or only at higher doses. Some countries have taken kava off the market. It remains available in the United States, but the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a consumer advisory in March of 2002 regarding the "rare" but potential risk of liver failure associated with kava-containing products.

Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) is used by more than 2 million men in the United States for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. Several studies suggest that the herb is effective for treating symptoms, including frequent urination, having trouble starting or maintaining urination, and needing to urinate during the night. But not all studies agree. At least one well-conducted study found that saw palmetto was no better than placebo in relieving the signs and symptoms of BPH.

St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) is well known for its antidepressant effects. In general, most studies have shown that St. John's wort may be an effective treatment for mild-to-moderate depression, and has fewer side effects than most other prescription antidepressants. But the herb interacts with a wide variety of medications, including birth control pills, and can potentially cause unwanted side effects, so it is important to take it only under the guidance of a health care provider.

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) is a popular alternative to commonly prescribed medications for sleep problems because it is considered to be both safe and gentle. Some studies bear this out, although not all have found valerian to be effective. Unlike many prescription sleeping pills, valerian may have fewer side effects, such as morning drowsiness. However, Valerian does interact with some medications, particularly psychiatric medications, so you should speak to your doctor to see if Valerian is right for you.

Echinacea preparations (from Echinacea purpurea and other Echinacea species) may improve the body's natural immunity. Echinacea is one of the most commonly used herbal products, but studies are mixed as to whether it can help prevent or treat colds. A review of 14 clinical studies examining the effect of echinacea on the incidence and duration of the common cold found that echinacea supplements decreased the odds of getting a cold by 58%. It also shortened the duration of a cold by 1.4 days. Echinacea can interact with certain medications and may not be right for people with certain conditions, for example people with autoimmune disorders or certain allergies. Speak with your physician.

Buying standardized herbal supplements helps ensure you will get the right dose and the effects similar to human clinical trials. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about which herbal supplements are best for your health concerns.

Is there anything I should watch out for?

Used correctly, herbs can help treat a variety of conditions, and in some cases, may have fewer side effects than some conventional medications. Never assume that because herbs are "natural," they are safe. Some herbs may be inappropriate for people with certain medical conditions. Because they are unregulated, herbal products are often mislabeled and may contain additives and contaminants that are not listed on the label. Some herbs may cause allergic reactions or interact with conventional drugs, and some are toxic if used improperly or at high doses. Taking herbs on your own increases your risk, so it is important to consult with your doctor or pharmacist before taking herbal medicines. Some examples of adverse reactions from certain popular herbs are described below.

St. John's wort can cause your skin to be more sensitive to the sun's ultraviolet rays, and may cause an allergic reaction, stomach upset, fatigue, and restlessness. Clinical studies have found that St. John's wort also interferes with the effectiveness of many drugs, including the blood thinner warfarin (Couamdin), protease inhibitors for HIV, birth control pills, certain asthma drugs, and many other medications. In addition, St. John's wort should not be taken with prescribed antidepressant medication. The FDA has issued a public health advisory concerning many of these interactions.

Kava kava has been linked to liver toxicity. Kava has been taken off the market in several countries because of liver toxicity.

Valerian may cause sleepiness, and in some people it may even have the unexpected effect of overstimulating instead of sedating.

Garlic, ginkgo, feverfew, and ginger, among other herbs, may increase the risk of bleeding.

Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) may increase the risk of seizures in people who have seizure disorders and bleeding in people with bleeding disorders or who take blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin (Coumadin).

Some herbal supplements, especially those imported from Asian countries, may contain high levels of heavy metals, including lead, mercury, and cadmium. It is important to purchase herbal supplements from reputable manufacturers to ensure quality. Many herbs can interact with prescription medications and cause unwanted or dangerous reactions. For example, there is a high degree of herb/drug interaction among patients who are under treatment for cancer. Be sure to consult your doctor before trying any herbal products.

Who is using herbal medicine?

Nearly one-third of Americans use herbs. Unfortunately, a study in the New England Journal of Medicine found that nearly 70% of people taking herbal medicines (most of whom were well educated and had a higher-than-average income) were reluctant tell their doctors that they used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM).

How is herbal medicine sold in stores?

The herbs available in most stores come in several different forms: teas, syrups, oils, liquid extracts, tinctures, and dry extracts (pills or capsules). You can make teas from dried herbs left to soak for a few minutes in hot water, or by boiling herbs in water and then straining the liquid. Syrups, made from concentrated extracts and added to sweet-tasting preparations, are often used for sore throats and coughs. Oils are extracted from plants and often used as rubs for massage, either by themselves or as part of an ointment or cream. Tinctures and liquid extracts are made of active herbal ingredients dissolved in a liquid (usually water, alcohol, or glycerol). Tinctures are typically a 1:5 or 1:10 concentration, meaning that one part of the herb is prepared with 5 to 10 parts (by weight) of the liquid. Liquid extracts are more concentrated than tinctures and are typically a 1:1 concentration. A dry extract form is the most concentrated form of an herbal product (typically 2:1 to 8:1) and is sold as a tablet, capsule, or lozenge.

No organization or agency regulates the manufacture or certifies the labeling of herbal preparations. This means you cannot be sure that the amount of the herb contained in the bottle, or even from dose to dose, is the same as what is stated on the label. Some herbal preparations are standardized, meaning that the preparation is guaranteed to contain a specific amount of the active ingredients of the herb. However, it is still important to ask companies making standardized herbal products about their product's guarantee. It is important to talk to your doctor or an expert in herbal medicine about the recommended doses of any herbal products.

Are there experts in herbal medicine?

Herbalists, chiropractors, naturopathic physicians, pharmacists, medical doctors, and practitioners of Traditional Chinese Medicine all may use herbs to treat illness. Naturopathic physicians believe that the body is continually striving for balance and that natural therapies can support this process. They are trained in 4-year, postgraduate institutions that combine courses in conventional medical science (such as pathology, microbiology, pharmacology, and surgery) with clinical training in herbal medicine, homeopathy, nutrition, and lifestyle counseling.

How can I find a qualified herbalist in my area?

For additional information, or to locate an experienced herbalist in your area, contact the American Herbalists Guild (AHG) site at

www.americanherbalistguild.com

www.naturopathic.org

. To located a licensed naturopath in your area, call the American Association of Naturopathic Physicians (AANP) at .

What is the future of herbal medicine?

In some countries in Europe, unlike the U.S., herbs are classified as drugs and are regulated. The German Commission E, an expert medical panel, actively researches their safety and effectiveness.

While still not widely accepted, herbal medicine is being taught more in medical schools and pharmacy schools. More health care providers are learning about the positive and potentially negative effects of using herbal medicines to help treat health conditions. Some health care providers, including doctors and pharmacists, are trained in herbal medicine. They can help people create treatment plans that use herbs, conventional medications, and lifestyle

Many people may take drinking water for granted, but keeping hydrated can have a huge impact on overall health. Despite how crucial it is that people drink enough water, a significant amount of people may be failing to drink recommended levels of fluids each day.
Woman drinking water.
The Institute of Medicine recommend that men achieve a daily fluid intake of around 3 liters and that women take in 2.2 liters.
Around of 70% of the body is comprised of water, and around of 71% of the planet's surface is covered by water. Perhaps it is the ubiquitous nature of water that means that drinking enough of it each day is not at the top of many people's lists of healthy priorities?

One part of the body that relies on adequate water intake is the kidneys. The kidneys are organs that might not get as much attention as the heart or lungs, but they are responsible for many functions that help keep the body as healthy as possible.

But what happens to the kidneys when we do not drink enough water? And what can be done to improve our levels of hydration? On World Kidney Day, we take a look at the role of drinking enough water for two of the most important organs in the body.

Why do we need to drink water?
Water is needed by all the cells and organs in the body in order for them to function properly. It is also used to lubricate the joints, protect the spinal cord and other sensitive tissues, regulate body temperature and assist the passage of food through the intestines.

Although some of the water required by the body is obtained through foods with a high water content - soups, tomatoes, oranges - the majority is gained through drinking water and other beverages.

During normal everyday functioning, water is lost by the body, and this needs to be replaced. It is noticeable that we lose water through activities such as sweating and urination, but water is even lost when breathing.

Drinking water, be it from the tap or a bottle, is the best source of fluid for the body. Beverages such as milk and juices are also decent sources of water, but beverages containing alcohol and caffeine, such as soft drinks, coffee and beer, are less than ideal due to having diuretic properties, meaning that they cause the body to release water.

How much water should you drink?
The recommended amount of water that should be drunk per day varies from person to person depending on factors such as how active they are and how much they sweat. There is no universally agreed upon threshold of water consumption that must be reached, but there is a general level of consensus as to what a healthy amount is.

According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), an adequate intake for men is approximately 13 cups (3 liters) a day. For women, an adequate intake is around 9 cups (2.2 liters).

Many people may have heard the phrase, "Drink eight 8-ounce glasses of water a day," which works out at around 1.9 liters and is close to the IOM's recommendation for women. Drinking "8 by 8" is an easy-to-remember amount that can put people on the right track in terms of water consumption.

Water also helps dissolve minerals and nutrients so that they are more accessible to the body, as well as helping transport waste products out of the body. It is these two functions that make water so vital to the kidneys.

What do the kidneys do?
The kidneys are two small fist-sized organs that are shaped like beans. They are located in the middle of the back, on either side of the spine and situated just below the rib cage.

Despite their importance, the kidneys can sometimes receive less attention than other organs in the body. "The role of the kidneys is often underrated when we think about our health," state Kidney Health Australia.

Cross-section of the kidneys.
The role of the kidneys in keeping the body healthy may be underrated in relation to the heart and the lungs.
"In fact, the kidneys play an important role in the daily workings of our body. They are so important to health that nature gave us two kidneys to cover the possibility that one might be lost to an injury. They are so important that with no kidney function, death occurs within a few days."

A crucial function of the kidneys is to remove waste products and excess fluid from the body via urine. The kidneys also regulate the levels of salt, potassium and acid in the body and produce hormones that influence the performance of other organs.

When we eat and drink, nutrients and minerals enter the bloodstream in order to be transported around the body and used for energy, growth, maintenance or repair. The blood also passes through the kidneys where it is filtered, and any waste products and excess nutrients and water are removed and sent to the bladder for expulsion.

Every day, the kidneys filter around 200 quarts of fluid. Of these, approximately 2 quarts are removed from the body in the form of urine, and 198 are recovered by the bloodstream.

If the kidneys do not function properly through kidney disease, waste products and excess fluid can build up inside the body. Untreated, chronic kidney disease can lead to kidney failure, whereby the organs stop working, and either dialysis or kidney transplantation is required.

Water is important for the workings of the kidneys, not only for helping to initially dissolve the nutrients, but for ensuring that waste products, bacteria and proteins do not build up in the kidneys and the bladder. These can lead to dangerous infections and painful kidney stones.

How does not drinking enough affect the kidneys?
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the second most common type of infection in the body and account for around 8.1 million visits to health care providers in the US every year. If infections spread to the upper urinary tract, including the kidneys, permanent damage can be caused. Sudden kidney infections (acute) can be life-threatening, particularly if septicemia occurs.

Drinking plenty of water is one of the simplest ways to reduce the risk of developing a UTI and is also advised for people that have developed an infection.

The presence of kidney stones can complicate UTIs as they can compromise how the kidneys work. Complicated UTIs tend to require longer periods of antibiotics to treat them, typically lasting between 7 and 14 days.

The leading cause of kidney stones is a lack of water, and they are commonly reported in people that have been found not drinking the recommended daily amount of water. As well as complicating UTIs, research has suggested that kidney stones also increase the risk of chronic kidney disease developing.

In November 2014, the American College of Physicians issued new guidelines for people who have previously developed kidney stones, stating that increasing fluid intake to enable 2 liters of urination a day could decrease the risk of stone recurrence by at least half with no side effects.

Dehydration - using and losing more water than the body takes in - can also lead to an imbalance in the body's electrolytes. Electrolytes, such as potassium, phosphate and sodium, help carry electrical signals between cells. The levels of electrolytes in the body are kept stable by properly functioning kidneys.

When the kidneys are unable to maintain a balance in the levels of electrolytes, these electrical signals become mixed up, which can lead to seizures, involving involuntary muscle movements and loss of consciousness.

In severe cases, dehydration can also lead to kidney failure, a potentially life-threatening outcome. Possible complications of chronic kidney failure include anemia, damage to the central nervous system, heart failure and a compromised immune system.

There are a considerable number of health problems that can occur simply through not drinking enough water, and yet researchers have found that a significant number of Americans may be failing to obtain the recommended levels of fluid intake every day.

Does the US not drink enough water?
A study carried out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 2013 analyzed data from the National Cancer Institute's 2007 Food Attitudes and Behaviors Survey, in order to assess the characteristics of people who have a low intake of drinking water.

People were more likely to drink less than 4 cups of drinking water daily if they consumed 1 cup or less of fruits or vegetables a day. The study indicates that among this sample, a large number of people may well have not been drinking the suggested 8 cups of fluid a day.

Although the study only measured the intake of drinking water and fluid can be gained from other beverages, water is the ideal source of fluid due to it being readily available, calorie-free, caffeine-free and alcohol-free.

The fact that 7% of respondents reported drinking no water at all daily, and that respondents who drank low volumes of water were associated with low levels of fruit and vegetable consumption, would suggest there is a certain number of people who are risking their health by not getting enough fluid.

Even if the respondents reporting low levels of water intake were obtaining enough fluid, it is likely that they would be obtaining it from sources that could potentially compromise their health in other ways.

"The biologic requirement for water may be met with plain water or via foods and other beverages," write the study authors. "Results from previous epidemiologic studies indicate that water intake may be inversely related to volume of calorically sweetened beverages and other fluid intake."

Study coauthor Shelly Gray, of the School of Pharmacy at the University of Washington, and colleagues publish their findings inThe BMJ.

Benzodiazepines are a class of drugs that increase the level of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain, producing sedative, anti-convulsant, anti-anxiety, hypnotic and muscle relaxant effects.

Benzodiazepines are most commonly used to treat anxiety andinsomnia, though they are used for a number of other conditions, including alcohol withdrawal, panic disorders and seizures. Common types of benzodiazepines include diazepam, alprazolam and flurazepam.

In the US, benzodiazepine use is highest among older individuals; a 2014 study from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found that around 8.7% of adults aged 65-80 received a benzodiazepine prescription in 2008, compared with 2.6% of those aged 18-35.

Numerous studies, however, have associated benzodiazepine use in seniors with increased risk of dementia. A 2012 study reported by Medical News Today, for example, suggested adults aged 65 and older are 50% more likely to develop dementia within 15 years of using benzodiazepines, while a more recent study suggested benzodiazepine use for at least 3 months increases older adults' risk of Alzheimer's disease by 51%.

However, Gray and colleagues note that research assessing benzodiazepine use in older adults has been conflicting, with some studies finding no link with dementia.

"Given the enormous public health implications, we need a better understanding of the potential cognitive risks of cumulative benzodiazepine use," say the authors.

No dementia link, but seniors should still avoid benzodiazepines

With this in mind, the team set out to determine whether higher cumulative use of benzodiazepines among older adults is associated with increased risk of dementia or faster cognitive decline.

To do so, the researchers analyzed the data of 3,434 adults aged 65 and older who were part of the Adult Changes in Thought study, conducted within Group Health - a non-profit health care system in Seattle, WA.

All participants were free of dementia at study baseline, and cognitive screening was conducted at enrollment and every 2 years thereafter. Subjects were followed-up for an average of 7 years.

Pharmacy data from Group Health was analyzed to assess participants' daily use of benzodiazepines over a 10-year period.

During follow-up, 797 of the participants developed dementia. Of these, 637 developed Alzheimer's disease. The median level of benzodiazepine use among participants was the equivalent to 1 year of daily use.

The researchers found that subjects with the highest benzodiazepine use were at no higher risk for dementia or Alzheimer's than those with lower benzodiazepine use, nor did they experience faster cognitive decline.

While the researchers did identify a small increased risk of dementia among participants with low or moderate benzodiazepine use - the equivalent of up to 1 month of use or 1-4 months use, respectively - they suggest this may "represent treatment of prodromal symptoms" of dementia.

"It is also possible that people with prodromal dementia, even years before diagnosis, could be more sensitive to benzodiazepine induced acute cognitive adverse events (for example, delirium), resulting in discontinuation of the drug and avoidance, in turn leading to low levels of use," they add.

Commenting on their findings, the researchers say:

"Overall, our pattern of findings does not support the theory that cumulative benzodiazepine use at the levels observed in our population is causally related to an increased risk for dementia or cognitive decline."

Still, the team says that considering the other adverse effects associated with benzodiazepine use and the fact that evidence remains mixed as to whether the drugs may raise the risk for dementia, health care providers "are still advised to avoid benzodiazepines in older adults to prevent important adverse health outcomes, withdrawal and dependence."

The systematic review and meta-analysis is published in the journal Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.

The researchers - from the University of Southampton in the UK - pooled and analyzed data from nine long-term studies covering nearly half a million men and women from six countries.

They found that increasing coffee consumption may substantially reduce the risk of liver cirrhosis.

The analysis shows a dose-response relationship between coffee consumption and liver cirrhosis - with more cups per day linked to lower risk.

Two extra cups of coffee per day were linked to a 44% lower risk of developing liver cirrhosis and a nearly 50% lower risk of death to the disease.

Liver cirrhosis can be fatal because it raises the risk of liver failure and cancer.

The condition develops when healthy tissue in the liver is replaced by scarred tissue, often as a result of long-term and persistent injury from viruses like hepatitis C and toxins like alcohol.

Liver cirrhosis is an important public health concern and a significant cause of disease and death in the US. The prevalence is likely to be higher than official figures suggest because many cases are undiagnosed.

A recent estimate suggests around 0.27% of Americans - some 633,323 adults - have liver cirrhosis, with 69% unaware of the fact they have the disease.

Effect is 'larger than that of statins on reducing cardiovascular risk'
In their paper, where they discuss the results, the authors explain that coffee has many biologically active ingredients, in addition to caffeine. These include "oxidative and anti-inflammatory agents, such as chlorogenic acid, kahweol and cafestol," and there is evidence, they note, that these may "confer protection against liver fibrosis."

In addition to a direct biochemical effect, there could also be an indirect effect of coffee protecting against cirrhosis, suggest the researchers. For example, they cite lab studies that show various compounds found in coffee block hepatitis B and C viruses and studies that show links between increased coffee consumption and reduction in type 2 diabetes.

The paper concludes that the analysis shows the link between increased daily coffee consumption and reduction in risk of liver cirrhosis is large - larger than that of many medications used for the prevention of disease.

"For example," note the authors, "statin therapy reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by 25%."

They also point out that "unlike many medications, coffee is generally well tolerated and has an excellent safety profile."

Lead and corresponding author Dr. O. J. Kennedy, of Southampton's Faculty of Medicine, concludes:

"Coffee appeared to protect against cirrhosis. This could be an important finding for patients at risk of cirrhosis to help to improve their health outcomes. However, we now need robust clinical trials to investigate the wider benefits and harms of coffee so that doctors can make specific recommendations to patients."

In November 2015, Medical News Today learned how chronic liver disease and cirrhosis are among the reasons death rates are increasing among middle-aged white Americans.

Our Knowledge Center article - "Coffee: health benefits, nutritional information" - looks at some of the other ways the popular beverage may benefit our health, as well as the risks associated with it.

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حتما شنیده‌اید که مصرف میوه‌جات تازه و به خصوص مرکبات یا کیوی و آناناس برای سلامت پوست و پیشگیری از پیری آن مفیدند. باید بدانید که از دلایل این مساله وجود مقادیر فراوان ویتامین c در این میوه‌جات می‌باشد. آیا می‌دانید که مصرف ویتامین c موضعی نیز می‌تواند برای سلامت پوست مفید باشد؟

یکی از دشمنان همیشگی سلامت پوست، اشعه فرابنفش نورخورشید است که با ایجاد و تولید رادیکال‌های آزاد و گزینه‌های واکنش‌گر اکسیژن (ros=reactive dxygen specien) باعث تخریب پوست و آسیب به آن می‌شوند. امروزه عامل اصلی پیری سلول‌ها و در نتیجه پیری پوست را نیز تولید همین رادیکال‌های آزاد می‌دانند. ویتامین c (ال-آسکوربیک اسید) به عنوان یک کوفاکتور و آنتی‌اکسیدان بیولوژیک به دلیل خواص احیاکنندگی‌اش شناخته می‌شود.

امروزه ثابت شده است که مصرف موضعی ویتامینc روی پوست، سطح پوستی این ویتامین را به میزان قابل‌توجهی افزایش داده و می‌تواند با عوارض اشعه فرابنفش b روی پوست که از علایم آن آفتاب‌سوختگی و قرمزی پوست است، مقابله نماید. این محافظت توسط ویتامین‌c، یک محافظت بیولوژیک و به دلیل خواص احیاکنندگی ویتامین c می‌باشد. جالب است بدانید که اشعه فرابنفش خورشید موجب تخلیه ویتامین c پوست شده و این مساله موجب می‌شود که پوست در معرض خطر آسیب ناشی از نورخورشید قرار بگیرد. همچنین ویتامینc قادر است پوست را نسبت به اشعه فرابنفش a نیز مقاوم‌تر نماید.

جالب است بدانید که امروزه ویتامینc موضعی به عنوان یک عامل ضدتومور نیز مطرح شده است. به گونه‌ای که مشاهده شد، با مصرف ویتامین c موضعی روی تومورهای پوستی، تومور مورد نظر دچار زخم شده و طی دو هفته بهبودی قابل‌توجهی پیدا کرده است. برای رسیدن به این هدف ضروری است که از یک فرم معدنی آسکوربات مثل آسکوربات سدیم به جای آسکوربیک اسید استفاده شود. آسکوربیک اسید درمان به تنهایی بی‌فایده است و باید با یک املاحی مثل سدیم ترکیب شود تا مفید واقع گردد. از آنجا که مصرف ویتامینc خالص (آسکوربیک اسید) روی تومور به تولید فرم معدنی آسکوربات منجر نمي‌شود لذا فقط یک فرم معدنی آسکوربات قادر به مقابله با تومورهای پوست خواهد بود.

ویتامین c یا ال- آسکوربیک‌اسید یک ویتامین محلول در آب است و اعمال بیولوژیکی متعددی انجام می‌دهد. شاید مهم‌ترین نقش ویتامینc، کمک به تولید کلاژن که یک پروتئین مهم بافت همبندی است باشد. ویتامینc در هیدروکسیله کردن اسیدآمینه‌های پرولین و لیزین موجود در کلاژن و تقویت فیبرهای کلاژن یک کوفاکتور مهم است. همچنین ویتامینc در تولید پروتئین‌های دیگری شامل دوپامین- اپی‌نفرین (آدرنالین) و نیز کارنیتین که در متابولیسم چربی‌ها دخیل است، نقش دارد. همان‌طور که گفته شد، یک خاصیت بسیار مهم ویتامین c، واکنش به رادیکال‌های آزاد و محافظت سلول‌ها از آسیب اکسیداتیو است.

این خاصیت آنتی‌اکسیدانی ویتامینc به محافظت سلول‌‌ها در برابر آسیب‌های محیطی شامل تابش اشعه فرابنفش و نیز دود سیگار و نیز در برابر رادیکال‌های آزاد ساخته شده در اثر متابولیسم برخی غذاها، کمک می‌کند. همچنین ویتامینc دارای خواص ضدالتهابی نیز هست و ممکن است در پیشگیری و درمان بیماری‌های قلبی‌عروقی مفید بوده و سیر ایجاد آب‌مروارید چشم را کند کرده و در درمان برخی بیماری‌های عفونی نیز مفید باشد. مثلا حتما شنیده‌اید که اگر در زمان سرماخوردگی از مقادیر فراوان ویتامینc استفاده کنید، مدت بیماری‌تان کوتاه‌تر خواهد شد.

دو نکته مهم در مورد ویتامینc وجود دارد. اول اینکه برخلاف بیشتر حیوانات که مي‌توانند ویتامینc را در بدن تولید کنند، انسان قادر به تولید ویتامینc نیست و لذا باید آن را از خارج و توسط غذا، برخی نوشیدنی‌ها، میوه‌جات و یا از طریق مکمل‌های غذایی دریافت نماید. نکته مهم دوم این است که ویتامینc، محلول در آب است و در بدن ذخیره نمی‌گردد و لذا به طور مداوم در حال دفع شدن است لذا ویتامینc را باید به صورت منظم و روزانه در اختیار بدن گذاشت تا از فواید بی‌شمار آن بهره‌مند گردد.

همان‌طور که گفته شد کلاژن که فراوا‌ن‌ترین پروتئین پوست است، برای ساخته شدن نیازمند ویتامین‌c است و لذا مصرف ویتامین‌c می‌تواند موجب تاثیرات منفی چشم‌گیری در پوست گردد. مصرف ویتامینc از پیری زودرس و ایجاد چین و چروک زودرس در پوست پیشگیری کرده و ترمیم زخم‌ها نیز با سرعت بیشتر و با کیفیت بهتری انجام می‌گیرد.

یکی از راه‌های نگهداری سطوح کافی ویتامینc در پوست، مصرف اشکال محلول در چربی ویتامینc (که خود محلول در آب است) می‌باشد. این فرم است که به راحتی می‌تواند وارد غشای سلولی گردد. برای رسیدن به این هدف، ویتامینc را با اسید پالمیتیک که یک اسیدچرب اشباع شده است، ترکیب می‌کنند و یک استر ویتامینc حاصل می‌شود پس آسکوربیل بالمیتات یک شکل محلول در چربی ویتامینc می‌باشد. یک استر دیگر ویتامینc، تتراهگزیل دسیل آسکوربات است که در برخی کرم‌های ویتامینc به کار می‌رود و دارای خواص بیولوژیکی شبیه به ویتامینc معمولی است شامل تحریک تولید کلاژن چون آنزیم‌های گوارشی به سرعت اشکال محلول در چربی ویتامینc مثل تتراهگزیل دسیل آسکوربات را تجزیه می‌نمایند لذا مصرف خوراکی آنها فایده‌ای ندارد و نسبت به ویتامینc معمولی نیز گران‌تر تمام مي‌شوند.

از طرف دیگر مصرف موضعی این ترکیبات موجب می‌شوند که به راحتی بتوانند وارد غشاهای سلولی شده و پایداری خود را در داخل سلول حفظ نمایند. در مطالعات انجام شده مشخص گردیده است که مصرف ویتامینc موضعی (مانند تتراهگزیل دسیل آسکوربات) موجب کاهش و آهسته شدن پیری ناشی از نور آفتاب که علایمی مانند چین و چروک پوست و لکه‌های پوستی دارد می‌شود. همچنین این ماده موجب تولید کلاژن جدید نیز در پوست می‌شود.

همان‌طور که قبلا نیز گفته شد، ویتامینc موضعی می‌‌تواند موجب مهار آسیب ناشی از اشعه‌های فرابنفش b و a (که عامل اصلی سرطان‌های پوستی هستند) به سلول‌های پوست ‌گردد. همچنین مصرف ویتامینc موضعی روی پوست موجب حفظ توأم پوست و کاهش لک‌های پوستی می‌گردد. به هر حال متخصصین پوست مصرف موضعی ویتامینc را مانند مصرف خوراکی این ویتامین بسیار مهم توصیه می‌نمایند.

8 Amazing Health Benefits Of Fresh Cabbage Juice

Cancer

Cabbage juice is very effective in preventing and treating multiple cancers. Sulforaphane is found in cabbage which is effective in preventing cells from carcinogens. Juice of cabbage has isocyanate. isocyanate is helpful in avoiding lung cancer, stomach cancer, breast cancer, colon cancer and prostate cancer. It also helps cancer patients in speedy recovery by increasing the healing process of body. It is a good health benefits of cabbage juice.

Immune system

Cabbage Juice boosts the immune system and also works to promote and regulate T cells, and helps in the treatment of allergies because of a chemical called histidine. Glucosinolates which is found in Cabbage Juice also stimulates the immune system.

Boost Brain Function

Cabbage is full of Vitamin K and anthocyanins. These contribute to mental function and concentration. Because these nutrients prevent nerve damage, it improves defense against dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Red cabbage is the best for this.

Heart Disease

The selenium found in cabbage juice helps to protect your body from heart disease. In addition, high levels of the essential fatty acid Omega 3 help to prevent cardiovascular disease, strokes, and high blood pressure.

Arthritis

Cabbage juice is naturally high in selenium, which helps to combat the symptoms of arthritis. The anti-inflammatory properties of cabbage juice are also beneficial in combating a range of other degenerative inflammatory disorders.

Anti-aging

Drinking cabbage juice is like drinking from the fountain of youth. This anti-aging juice helps prevent dryness and fine lines.

Anemia

The high levels of folic acid in cabbage juice help your body to build new blood cells. In this way, drinking raw cabbage juice is a healthy and natural way to treat anemia.

Inflammation

Cabbage juice is a known anti-inflammatory; great for helping your body combat arthritis and other degenerative inflammatory diseases. The amino acids found in cabbage juice are also great for reducing skin inflammation.

How to make Cabbage Juice?

Purchase fresh cabbage from the market. Try to choose small cabbages its taste is good than bigger cabbages. Wash it with water carefully. Cabbages are grown in farms, there may be some bacteria on it. So wash it carefully. Cut the cabbage in two or four parts, then chopped them. Then use a juicer to make cabbage juice.