Although researchers have tried utmost for many decays to produce AIDS vaccine,   they have not been successful yet. Most of produced vaccines are not actually usable in practice due to high complications. However, now the Canadian researchers have succeeded in development of HIV vaccine, with no side-effects.
As reported by the borderless medical site reporter, it is necessary to conduct required clinical trial   at several stages on the new HIV Vaccine. About five years are needed for completion of the said process and entrance of the said vaccine at consumption market.
Researchers emphasize that since the said vaccines will probably be used for treatment of patients in the next five years, therefore, confronting HIV/AIDS must still be focused on prevention using tested and real methods such as distribution of Condom, circumcising, prevention of transmission of HIV from mothers to neonates and presenting syringe exchange plans.
Every year 400-500 Million US Dollars are spent for research on HIV Vaccine. Most of the said cost is paid for basic researches.
In spite of all efforts made in this regard, specific shape of HIV has caused that finding the said vaccine will be difficult and expensive. Segregating HIV from other infectious diseases has caused that the said virus directly attacks white blood cells, which are responsible for body safety response and disables the said cells to control infection and to prevent infection with the said virus.
“Common” vaccines are based on a complete microorganism (virus or bacterium), which have been killed or inactivated. The said vaccines are not reliable for AIDS, which may lead to infection. Consequently, HIV trial vaccines contain certain parts of viruses, which make production of the said vaccine more sophisticated.
The base for production of the genetically modified vaccine is killed virus and it has entered at test stage.   
This new vaccine is called “-H001SAV”.
The said virus has caused death of 30,000,000 individuals all over the world. Presently, over 34,000,000 persons are infected with the said virus.
It should be noted that presently, respective medicines used for treatment of AIDS are chemical ones, which are used as anti-virus medicines. In more than 30% cases, a patient has to replace the said medicine with another one or to change its dosage due to complications of the said medicines.
Variety in kinds of HIV has made the case more complicated. Various types of HIV virus, identified all over the world, are prevalent. Presently, researchers don’t know whether this new type of vaccine may cover the case thoroughly or it may be used for a specific kind of Virus.
The most prevalent kinds of HIV are subspecies of A and C, which exist in different regions in Africa. However, most of current reactions are done on the said kind; they cover the entire genetic aspect of subspecies B, which are dominant in countries of high incomes.

Dr. Norelle Reilly, of the Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University Medical Center in New York, NY, has been looking into some issues relating to the gluten-free diet (GFD).

Her commentary is published in The Journal of Pediatrics.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease. A person who has CD cannot eat gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley.

Doing so can have serious consequences, as it can trigger an immune response that may damage the small intestine or other parts of the digestive system. Irritability and depression are common symptoms.

CD is a genetic condition, and the only treatment is to avoid gluten.

In 2015, around 0.5 percent of Americans were following a strict GFD, 25 percent reported consuming gluten-free foods, and between 15-21 percent rated "gluten-free" as "very important" when buying food.

In contrast, a market survey in 2013 indicated that 31 percent of Americans considered the diet "a fad." By 2015, 47 percent shared this view.

What is a gluten-free diet?

People who have to avoid gluten cannot eat anything containing wheat, barley, or rye flour, and some cannot eat oats.

They must avoid bread, pasta, cakes, cookies, or crackers, and should consume no sauces or gravies thickened with flour, among other items. Alternatively, they can choose gluten-free (GF) versions.

Gluten occurs in some unexpected items, such as luncheon meat, soy sauce, and rice mixes, in some flavorings and preservatives, and in certain medications. A person with CD must check the labels carefully.

Safe foods include meat, fish, fruit, vegetables, rice, potatoes, lentils, and natural seeds and nuts. Specially prepared breads, cakes, cookies, and ready meals are now widely available.

Why go gluten-free?

In 2015, a survey asked 1,500 Americans why they had chosen to "go gluten-free."

Results showed that 35 percent had "no reason" for doing so, 26 percent said it was a "healthier option," and 19 percent wanted to improve their "digestive health." Ten percent had someone in the family with a gluten sensitivity, and 8 percent had a gluten sensitivity.

According to Dr. Reilly, "Out of concern for their children's health, parents sometimes place their children on a gluten-free diet in the belief that it relieves symptoms, can prevent CD, or is a healthy alternative without prior testing for CD or consultation with a dietitian."

She calls for clearer information about the GFD because of "frequent misunderstanding" about gluten.

Misconceptions about the GFD

Dr. Reilly raises a number of issues and misconceptions about avoiding gluten.

One is that it offers a healthy lifestyle choice with no disadvantages.

In fact, Dr. Reilly points out, there is no proven benefit of avoiding gluten, unless a person has CD or a wheat allergy.

She adds that avoiding gluten could mean a higher fat and calorie intake, because packaged GF goods often contain more fat and sugar than their conventional counterparts, potentially contributing to obesity and prediabetes.

Avoiding gluten can also lead to nutritional deficiencies, especially of the B vitamins, folate, and iron, because GF products often lack fortification.

A further belief is that gluten is toxic, but Dr. Reilly notes that no evidence supports this theory. In fact, over-dependence on rice, she suggests, could mean an increased intake of arsenic, which rice has a tendency to absorb.

Some people have a close relative with CD, and they avoid gluten through fear of developing it themselves. Dr. Reilly points out that healthy relatives of people with CD do not need to avoid gluten, and nor do healthy infants who are at risk of developing CD.

What if the GFD is necessary?

A few people will be healthier and have a better quality of life with a GFD, says Dr. Reilly, but they need guidance from an experienced, registered dietitian.

She points out that CD is not the only reason to avoid gluten. Doing so can help relieve symptoms in people with a wheat sensitivity or wheat allergy.

However, there is no scientific evidence that avoiding gluten is better for a child with no confirmed diagnosis of CD or wheat allergy, and doing so could obscure a diagnosis of CD.

A GFD can add to the family budget, as GF products tend to be more costly. Inconvenience and social isolation have been reported by children, says the commentary.

In this sense, a GFD could mean a lower quality of life, potentially posing more risk than benefit.

A common nutritional supplement may be part of the magic in improving the survival rates of babies born with heart defects, researchers report.

Carnitine, a compound that helps transport fat inside the cell powerhouse where it can be used for energy production, is currently used for purposes ranging from weight loss to chest pain.

New research shows it appears to normalize the blood vessel dysfunction that can accompany congenital heart defects and linger even after corrective surgery, said Dr. Stephen M. Black, cell and molecular physiologist at the Vascular Biology Center at the Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University.

"My hope is this is going to have a major, major impact on survival of babies," Black said. About half the babies born with heart defects have excessive, continuous high pressure on their lungs from misdirected blood flow. Early surgery can prevent full-blown pulmonary vascular disease, but scientists are finding more subtle disruptions in the signaling inside blood vessels walls that can be problematic - even deadly - up to 72 hours after surgery.

The good news is the changes are reversible and that carnitine speeds recovery and can even prevent the damage in a lamb model of these human heart defects, according to studies published in the journal Pediatric Research.

Normally, most blood flow bypasses the lungs in utero when the placenta provides blood and oxygen for the baby. Baby's first breaths naturally expand the lungs and blood vessels, activating a process inside the lining of vessels that enables them to accommodate the initial blood surge, then reduce pressure quickly, dramatically and permanently.

This natural transition doesn't occur when heart defects misdirect blood flow. "It's kind of like a chronic fetal-to-newborn transition," said Black, the study's corresponding author. Lungs get pounded with about three times the normal flow and, even when surgeries are done as early as possible to repair the defect, correct blood flow and protect the lungs, the 20 percent death rates from acute pulmonary hypertension have remained unchanged for a decade. "That's 1 in 5 kid (with this condition)," Black said.


Left unchecked, the barrage thickens blood vessels, making them unresponsive, much like those of an elderly individual who has lived for years with uncontrolled high blood pressure. The comparatively brief periods of pounding these babies experience impairs the ability of the endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, to produce nitric oxide, a major dilator of blood vessels.

The shear force disrupts carnitine homeostasis, weakens the mitochondria (the cell powerhouse) and impairs nitric oxide production. To make bad matters worse, the precursor to nitric oxide instead makes more peroxynitrite, prompting endothelial cells to grow and thickening blood vessels. Black was also corresponding author of a recent study in the Journal of Biological Chemistry that showed peroxynitrite does this by turning on the cell survival protein kinase Akt1.

The new study indicates that even without fixing the heart defect, high daily doses of carnitine in the first four weeks of life can prevent endothelial dysfunction. In fact, the laboratory lambs' ability to make nitric oxide is preserved even without the benefit of heart surgery and the responses to the chemical activity that enables blood vessel dilation is normalized, Black said.
Source:

Medical College of Georgia at Georgia Regents University